Imithi yokugoma iyimikhiqizo yemithi okuhloswe ngayo ukuthi inikezwe izilwane ezinempilo ukuze zilungiselele kangcono amasosha omzimba esilwane ukuze alwe nezinselele zempilo yebhaktheriya, igciwane, noma i-protozoal. Kalula nje, imithi yokugoma ihloselwe ukusetshenziselwa ukuvimbela izifo futhi ngokuvamile ikwenza lokho ngokusungula nokugcina amazinga aphezulu okujikeleza kwe-antibody titers. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-antibody titers ayancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kubalulekile ukuthi imithi yokugoma inikezwe futhi ifundwe kabusha (evame ukubizwa ngokuthi “i-boostered”) ngezikhathi ezidingekayo ukuze kuphumele ekumbozweni kwamasosha omzimba kukho konke ukuchayeka okulindelekile noma okungaba khona kumagciwane abangela izifo.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela ukuthi imithi yokugoma ihloselwe ukuba amathuluzi okuvimbela, futhi ukusebenza kahle kwanoma yiliphi ithuluzi kungaba nomthelela endleleni esetshenziswa ngayo. Ngenxa yokuthi imithi yokugoma iyimikhiqizo yebhayoloji, ivamise ukuba sengozini yokuhlukunyezwa kwemvelo kanye nokuchayeka ezimeni ezingaphandle kwebanga elithile elilungile. Kanjalo, imithi yokugoma kufanele igcinwe, iphathwe, futhi iphathwe ngezindlela ezichazwe kulebula kusetshenziswa amasu avikela ukusebenza komkhiqizo.
Ilebula yomkhiqizo iqukethe ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukugcinwa komkhiqizo, ukuphatha, nezinqubo zokuphatha azikhawuleli noma zinganaki ukusebenza komkhiqizo. Ukuchezuka emiyalweni enjalo kungase kubangele ukwehla kokusebenza komkhiqizo. Ngokuvamile, imithi yokugoma eminingi kufanele ifakwe esiqandisini, kodwa ingaqandisi, futhi kufanele ihlale ngaphakathi kwebanga lokushisa eliqandisiwe elifunekayo kukho konke ukugcinwa, ukuthutha, kuze kufike esikhathini sokuphatha.
Izimbangela ezivame kakhulu zokuncipha kokusebenza kahle ukugcinwa, ezokuthutha, nokuphatha ukuhlukumeza. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi ukungahambisi imithi yokugoma kuma-coolers, ukungagcini imithi yokugoma kuma-coolers ngezinsuku zokusebenza, nokugcina imithi yokugoma eziqandisini ezingagcini izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwebanga elidingekayo. Imithi yokugoma ezogcinwa isikhathi eside kufanele igcinwe kuphela eziqandisini eziqinisekisiwe ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa elifanele. Amathemometha wokuloga idatha awutshalomali olungabizi kodwa olubalulekile.
Imithi yokugoma, okuhlanganisa izitsha zokugoma namasirinji alayishiwe, kufanele futhi ivikelwe ekuchayekeni ngokuqondile elangeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithi yokugoma eye yachayeka emvelweni ngokubhoboza uphawu ngenaliti akufanele igcinwe futhi isetshenziswe kabusha. Uma inaliti ifakiwe ebhodleleni, umgomo kufanele usetshenziswe phakathi naleso sigameko sokusebenza, futhi noma yikuphi okuqukethwe okungasetshenzisiwe kulahlwe izikhombisi-ndlela zelebula ngayinye. Ukugcina imithi yokugoma evulwe ngaphambilini kuvumela ukukhula okungaba khona kwama-microorganisms ayingozi, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kufanele kugwenywe ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yokubangela ukusabela okubi noma isenzakalo sezempilo ngokungenhloso.
Eminye imithi yokugoma idinga ukumiswa kabusha ngokwengeza i-diluent kumpushana ophelelwe amanzi emzimbeni. Yonke imithi yokugoma idinga ukuxutshwa noma ukuyaluza ngaphambi kokuphathwa. Hlanganisa imithi yokugoma ngobumnene ngokuzungeza kancane futhi uguqule ngaphandle uma ilebula icacisa okuhlukile.
Imijovo nezinaliti ezilahlwayo kufanele zilahlwe ngemva kokusetshenziswa ngakunye. Amasirinji esitayela aphindaphindekayo, aphindaphindayo, noma “i-pistol-grip” kufanele ahlanzwe ngemva kokusetshenziswa ngakunye. Ungasebenzisi insipho, izinto zokuhlanza, noma izibulala-magciwane zamakhemikhali ukuhlanza imijovo engasetshenziswa kabusha. Kunalokho, ziwageze ngokuphindaphindiwe ngamanzi ashisayo. Amanzi kufanele abiliswe futhi avunyelwe ukupholisa kancane ngaphambi kokugcwalisa ngokuphindaphindiwe nokukhipha isirinji.
Izinaliti zokudlulisa kufanele zibiliswe emanzini, bese zivunyelwa ukuba zome ngaphambi kokugcinwa futhi ekugcineni ziphinde zisetshenziswe. Izithambisi zesirinji azinconywa ngoba zimelela ingozi engaba khona ekusebenzeni komkhiqizo ngokusebenzisana nezingxenye ezisebenzayo zomgomo. Izithambisi zesirinji nazo azidingeki ngoba ukudonswa kokuqala komgomo kusirinji kunikeza ukuthambisa okwanele.
Ama-O-rings esirinji kufanele ashintshwe njengoba kudingekile, futhi okungeziwe kufanele kugcinwe esandleni ukuze kutholakale lapho kudingeka. Lokhu kuzosiza ukunciphisa ubungozi bokwehluleka kwesirinji.
Ngokufanayo, ukusebenza komgomo kungase kukhawulelwe amandla amasosha omzimba esilwane ukuphendula ngokwanele emgomeni. Kunezici ezimbalwa ezihlobene nezilwane ezingase zibe nomthelela ekusebenzeni komgomo. Kulokhu, ukudla okunomsoco kanye nezingcindezi zemvelo yizona ezivame kakhulu.
Kokubili ukushoda kwezakhi kanye nobuthi kungakhinyabeza ukusebenza kwamasosha omzimba futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kube nomthelela ekuphenduleni kwesilwane ngasinye emgomeni. Ukulandelela ukushiyeka kwamaminerali, amaprotheni, namandla yizinkinga ezivame kakhulu ezihlobene nokudla okukhawulela ukusebenza komgomo.
Ukushoda kwamandla ngokuvamile kulula ukukubona ngamazinga aphansi okusebenza kwezilwane, isimo somzimba esiphansi, nokungawongi okuvamile. Ukulandelela ukushoda kwamaminerali namaprotheni kuvame ukuba nzima kakhulu ukukubona ngokubonakalayo. Landelela ukushoda kwamaminerali, nokho, kulula ukulungisa ngokufaka amaminerali noma kufaka phakathi ukulandelela imithombo yamaminerali emazingeni anele (kodwa hhayi ngokweqile) ngesabelo esiphelele.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-mycotoxins, obunye ubuthi, noma ezinye izici ezivimbela ukudla kungase kube nomthelela ekusebenzeni komgomo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifo ezikhona ngaphambili, imithwalo esindayo yezimuncagazi, ukucindezeleka kokushisa, nokucindezeleka okubandayo yizo zonke izimo ezingase zibe nomthelela emasosheni omzimba esilwane futhi ngenxa yalokho, ikhono laso lokusabela ngokugcwele emgomeni.
Nakuba imigomo ethile igqanyisiwe kulesi sahluko, ukukhuluma kwayo kufanele kuthathwe njengomthetho ojwayelekile wesithupha. Isidingo sabo sohlelo oluthile lwezempilo lomhlambi, noma ukuntuleka kwalo, kungase kube ngaphansi kokuchazwa noma umbono. Udokotela wezilwane umhlambi usesimweni esingcono kakhulu sokuhlinzeka ngezincomo eziqondile ezinhlelweni zokugoma, okuhlanganisa ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye okufanele zithathwe njengezibalulekile, kanye nesikhathi sazo esiphezulu sokuphatha.
Ngokuvamile, imigomo ye-modified live virus (MLV) ngokuvamile ayidingi ukugonywa kabusha ukuze kuphumele ekuphenduleni okusebenzayo kwe-antibody. Imithi yokugomela igciwane elibulewe (i-KV), noma imigomo ehlanganisiwe ye-KV ne-MLV, ngokuvamile idinga ukugonywa kabusha (noma i-booster) ukuze kuphumele ekugomeni okusebenzayo njengoba kuchazwe ukusabela kwamasosha omzimba.
Imithi yokugoma edinga ukugonywa kabusha kufanele ilawulwe phakathi nesikhathi esichazwe kulebula yomkhiqizo. Imithi yokugoma engadingi ukugonywa kabusha kufanele inikezwe ngesikhathi noma eduze nesikhathi sokulunyulwa. Noma kunjalo, ilebula yomkhiqizo kanye nodokotela wezilwane womhlambi kufanele banqume ukuthi ukugoma kuyadingeka yini futhi nini ukuze kuphumele ekuphenduleni okusebenzayo kwe-antibody.
Uhlelo oluqinile, oluphelele lokugomela izinkomo zenkomo luqala ngokuqaliswa ezingeni lenkomo nenkomo. Ngokombono womjikelezo wokuphila, ukugoma amathole ngaphambi kokulunyulwa kuyithuba elikhulu kakhulu lokuqala uhlelo lokugoma olubanzi nolusebenzayo.
Isikhathi sokugoma ngaphambi kokulukwa ngokuvamile siqondana neminye imicimbi yokusebenza, efana nokufaka uphawu, ukugoma ngaphambi kokuzalanisa umhlambi wezinkomo, noma ukuphuma kwezinkunzi. Amathole okugoma ngalesi sikhathi azosiza ekunciphiseni ingozi yokulunyulwa kwezifo futhi azowalungiselela kangcono ukumelana nokucindezeleka kokulunyulwa.
Izinhlelo zokugomela i-Calfhood kufanele okungenani zihlanganise ukugoma izifo ezihlukahlukene ze-clostridial kanye ne-viral respiratory. Izingxenye ezibalulekile ezijwayelekile zemithi yokugomela isifo sokuphefumula kwegciwane le-calfhood zihlanganisa:
i-bovine Respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
i-bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) izinhlobo I no-II
i-infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
i-parainfluenza type-3 (PI-3)
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugonywa kwezifo ze-clostridial kuvame ukufaka ukumbozwa ngokumelene nalokhu okulandelayo:
Clostridium chauvoei
C haemolyticum
C novyi
C perfringens izinhlobo C & D
C septicum
futhi ingase ihlanganise i-C sordelli kanye/noma i-C tetani.
Ezinye izinhlelo zokugomela i-calfhood zingase futhi zihlanganise ukugoma amagciwane afana ne-Mannheimia haemolytica ne-Pasteurella multocida, okubangela isifo sokuphefumula kwezinkomo (BRD). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lolu akulona uhlu oluphelele, futhi izinqumo ezithile zokugoma kufanele zenziwe ngokubonisana nodokotela wezilwane umhlambi.
Izinhlelo zokugoma amathole azothuthukiswa ukuze abe amathokazi ashintshayo ngokuvamile ahlanganisa ukugonyelwa izifo zokuzala futhi kufanele kufane nohlelo lokugoma olusetshenziselwa umhlambi wezinkomo ovuthiwe. Ngaphezu kwe-IBR ne-BVD, futhi kuye ngengozi yesifo sendawo, ukugonyelwa i-Brucella, i-Leptospira, i-Vibrio, i-Trichomonas, i-Campylobacter, noma i-anthrax nakho kungase kuqinisekiswe noma kunconywe. Ukugonywa kwe-Brucellosis kufanele kwenziwe ngokuvumelana nemithetho yezwe.
Imithi yokugoma ephilayo eguquliwe ye-IBR ne-BVD inikeza ukungatheleleki okubanzi kakhulu ekucindezelekeni komehluko futhi kufanele inikezwe kabili ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinga eliphezulu lokuzivikela komzimba. Obunye ubufakazi buphakamisa ukuthi imithi yokugomela i-MLV BVD kanye ne-IBR ingase ithinte i-ovary isikhathi esifushane ngemva kokugoma futhi ingase ibangele ukwehla okuncane kokuzala lapho inikezwa ngokushesha ngaphambi noma phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa. Ngalesi sizathu, imigomo ye-MLV IBR kanye/noma ye-BVD kufanele inikezwe okungenani inyanga engu-1 ngaphambi kokuqala kwenkathi yokuzalanisa.
Nakuba ukugonywa kwamathokazi ngomgomo we-Trichomonas kungase kwenyuse izinga lokuzala futhi kunciphise isikhathi sokutheleleka emihlambini enegciwane, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kungase kungavimbeli ukutheleleka. Ukugonyelwa i-trichomoniasis kungase kube usizo emihlambini enegciwane noma emihlambini esengozini enkulu yokutheleleka, kodwa kungase kungakhiphi imbuyiselo enhle ekutshalweni kwezimali emihlambini enobungozi obuncane. Lezi zinqumo kufanele zenziwe ngokubonisana nodokotela wezilwane umhlambi futhi kufanele zisekelwe engcupheni yokuchayeka kanye nomthelela wezomnotho ongaba khona.
Imithi yokugoma yokuzalanisa kufanele iqedwe okungenani amasonto ama-4 ngaphambi kokuqala kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Ukugoma okuzalayo kuhloswe ukuvikela ithole elisanda kuzalwa ngokudluliswa kwe-colostral. Kungase kwenzeke ukuthi imithi yokugoma ibe ngaphambi kwesikhathi isebenze njengemithi yokugoma yokuzalanisa ngempumelelo; kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lokugoma luzohlinzeka ngesikhathi esanele sokugonywa ukuze kukhave izinkomo phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sobungozi obukhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugonyelwa imihuzuko yebhaktheriya (uhudo lwethole) kungaba ingxenye enenzuzo yohlelo lwezempilo lomhlambi. Izinkunzi kufanele zithole imithi yokugoma efanayo neyezinkomo, ngaphandle kokunye okuhlukile. Izinkunzi akufanele zigonyelwe i-brucellosis. Izinyathelo zokuphepha ezifanayo nemithi yokugomela i-MLV IBR kufanele zithathwe ezinkunzini njengezinkomo.